Dactylorhiza romana (Sebast.) Soó, Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza: 3 (1962).
Homotypic Synonyms:
Orchis romana Sebast., Roman. Pl. Fasc. Prim. 1: 12 (1813).
Dactylorhiza sambucina subsp. romana (Sebast.) Bornm., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61(140): 126 (1927).
Dactylorchis romana (Sebast.) Verm., Stud. Dactylorch.: 65 (1947).
Heterotypic Synonyms:
Orchis sambucina var. zimmermannii A.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe: 212 (1928).
Dactylorhiza cantabrica H.A.Pedersen, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152: 428 (2006).
Dactylorhiza sambucina subsp. cantabrica (H.A.Pedersen) Kreutz, Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 155 (2007).
Dactylorhiza sambucina f. zimmermannii (A.Camus) P.Delforge, Naturalistes Belges 88: 246 (2007).
Description:
Plant (6.8–)12.6–38.9 (−45.4) cm high with the node of the uppermost sheathing leaf almost always placed below ground level. Stem (2.0–)2.3–5.6(−8.0) mm in diameter immediately below the inflorescence. Sheathing leaves (excluding cataphylls) (1–)2–6(−9); the longest one (4.9–)8.1–13.1(−20.8) × (0.7–)0.9–1.3 (−1.9) cm, (4.2–)6.9–13.2(−17.8) times as long as wide, (0.2–)0.3–0.8(−1.1) times as long as the height of the plant, describing an adaxial angle of (30–)39–83(−90)° to the stem. Non-sheathing leaves below the inflorescence (0–)1–8(−11). Inflorescence (2.3–)3.5–9.8(−14.5) cm long, (0.1–)0.2–0.4(−0.6) times as long as the height of the plant, carrying (3–)6– 23(−37) yellow or purple flowers. Lamina of labellum devoid of markings, (5.2–)6.4–9.3 (−10.8) × (7.3–) 8.1–13.6(−16.5) mm, almost always slightly three-lobed [shape index (0.5–)0.7–0.8(−1.0), almost always widest in its proximal to middle part, with the sidelobes describing an abaxial angle of (10–)32–144(−270)° to each other. Spur almost always upcurved, (7.4–)9.3–19.2(−23.0) mm long, (1.0–)1.3–2.3(−2.7) times as long as the lamina of labellum, (1.5–)1.8–3.3(−3.6) mm in diameter at the entrance, (0.6–)0.8–1.3(−1.8) mm in diameter 1 mm below the apex.
Habitat:
Distribution:
Medit. to C. Asia

Dactylorhiza romana subsp. guimaraesii (E.G.Camus) H.A.Pedersen, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152: 426 (2006).
Homotypic Synonyms:
Orchis romana var. guimaraesii E.G.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 1: 216 (1928).
Orchis guimaraesii (E.G.Camus) Rivas Goday, Farmacognosia 4(6): 193 (1945).
Heterotypic Synonyms:
Orchis sulphurea Link, Neues J. Bot. 1(3): 132 (1806), nom. nud.
Orchis romana lusus sulphurea (Link) Soó, Bot. Arch. 23: 63 (1929).
Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 366 (1978), nom. inval.
Description:
Plant (13.6–)24.8–38.9 (−45.4) cm high. Stem (3.0–)3.6–5.6(−8.0) mm in diameter immediately below the inflorescence. Sheathing leaves (excluding cataphylls) (1–)2–4(−5); the longest one (6.2–)8.2–13.2(−17.8) times as long as wide, (0.2–)0.3–0.5(−0.8) times as long as the height of the plant, describing an adaxial angle of (30–)39–68(−85)° to the stem. Non-sheathing leaves below the inflorescence (3–)5–8(−11).Inflorescence (3.9–)5.4–9.8(−14.5) cm long, (0.1–)0.2–0.3(−0.4) times as long as the height of the plant, carrying (8–)12–23 (−37) yellow flowers. Lamina of labellum (5.2–) 6.5–7.7(−8.5) × (7.3–)8.5–10.2(−10.8) mm, with the sidelobes describing an abaxial angle of (10–)32–83(−130)° to each other. Spur (7.4–)9.3–11.1(−12.1) mm long, (1.1–)1.3–1.6(−1.8) times as long as the lamina of labellum, (2.2–)2.6–3.1(−3.5) mm in diameter at the entrance.
Habitat:
Distribution:
W. Medit.

Dactylorhiza insularis (Sommier) Ó.Sánchez & Herrero, in Fl. Iber. 21: 98 (2005).
Homotypic Synonyms:
Orchis insularis Sommier, Boll. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1895: 247 (1895).
Orchis sambucina var. insularis (Sommier) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Italia 1: 245 (1896).
Orchis romana var. insularis (Sommier) E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus, P.Bergon & A.A.Camus, Monogr. Orchid.: 172 (1908).
Orchis sambucina subsp. insularis (Sommier) Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 371 (1910).
Dactylorhiza iberica subsp. insularis (Sommier) Soó, Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza: 3 (1962).
Dactylorhiza sambucina subsp. insularis (Sommier) Soó, Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza: 3 (1962), nom. inval.
Heterotypic Synonyms:
Orchis pseudosambucina subsp. castellana Rivas Goday, Farmaconosia 6: 196 (1945).
Orchis sulphurea subsp. castellana (Rivas Goday) Rivas Goday, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 21: 306 (1963).
Dactylorhiza romana subsp. bartonii Huxley & P.F.Hunt, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 92: 309 (1967).
Dactylorhiza bartonii (Huxley & P.F.Hunt) Aver., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 69: 876 (1984).
Dactylorhiza insularis var. bartonii (Huxley & P.F.Hunt) D.Rivera & Lopez Velez, Orquíd. Prov. Albacete: 82 (1987).
Dactylorhiza insularis subsp. castellana (Rivas Goday) D.Rivera & Lopez Velez, Orquíd. Prov. Albacete: 82 (1987).
Dactylorhiza insularis f. bartonii (Huxley & P.F.Hunt) Gathoye & D.Tyteca, Lejeunia 143: 52 (1994).
Dactylorhiza insularis f. castellana (Rivas Goday) Bernardos, Belgian J. Bot. 135: 81 (2002).
Description:
Plant (10.8–)16.9–29.6(−35.7) cm high with the node of the uppermost sheathing leaf usually placed below ground level. STEM (3.0–) 3.6–5.4(−6.5) mm in diameter immediately below the inflorescence. Sheathing leaves (excluding cataphylls) (1–)2–3(−4); the longest one (4.8–) 8.2–14.8 (−17.7) × (1.0–)1.1–2.1(−3.1) cm, (2.7–) 5.0–10.3 (−14.4) times as long as wide, (0.2–)0.4–0.6(−0.8) times as long as the height of the plant, describing an adaxial angle of (5–)29–53(−70)° to the stem. Non-sheathing leaves below the inflorescence (1–) 3–5(−6). Inflorescence (3.3–) 4.3–7.0(−8.9) cm long, 0.2–0.3(−0.6) times as long as the height of the plant, carrying (5–) 8–13(−18) yellow flowers. Lamina of labellum usually provided with markings (but not beyond its proximal one-third), (6.3–)7.2–8.9(−9.9) × (7.6–) 9.2–11.0(−11.9) mm, slightly three-lobed [shape index (0.7–)0.8(−0.9), widest in its proximal to middle part, with the sidelobes describing an abaxial angle of (130–)141–180° to each other. SPUR nearly always straight to downcurved, (7.5–)8.3–10.4(−12.5) mm long, (1.0–)1.1–1.2(−1.4) times as long as the lamina of labellum, (2.0–)2.6–3.2(−3.4) mm in diameter at the entrance, (0.9–)1.0–1.4(−1.8) mm in diameter 1 mm
below the apex.
Habitat:
Distribution:
W. Medit. to WC. Italy